Publications
(revised 6/2/16)

Willmott, C.J., S.M. Robeson, K. Matsuura and D.L. Ficklin, 2015. Assessment of three dimensionless measures of model performance. Environmental Modelling & Software, 73, 167-174.


Malanson, G.P., L. Scuderi, K.A. Moser, C.J. Willmott, L.M. Resler, T.A. Warner, and L.O. Mearns, 2014. The composite nature of physical geography: moving from linkages to integration. Progress in Physical Geography, 38, 3-18


Robeson, S.M., C.J. Willmott, and P.D. Jones, 2014. Trends in hemispheric warm and cold anomalies. Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 9065-9071


Willmott, C.J., S.M. Robeson, and K. Matsuura, 2012. A refined index of model performance. International Journal of Climatology, 32, 2088-2094. (Calculation Software)


Nickl, E., C.J. Willmott, K. Matsuura, and S.M. Robeson, 2010. Changes in annual land-surface precipitation over the twentieth and early twenty-first century. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100, 729-739 and Erratum.


Willmott, C.J., K. Matsuura, and S.M. Robeson, 2009. Ambiguities inherent in sums-of-squares-based error statistics. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 749-752.

 

Willmott, C.J., S.M. Robeson and K. Matsuura, 2007. Geographic box plots. Physical Geography, 28(4), 331-344. (Calculation Software)

Rawlins, M.A., C.J. Willmott, A. Shiklomanov, E. Linder, S. Frolking, R.B. Lammers, and C.J. Vörösmarty, 2006. Evaluation of trends in derived snowfall and rainfall across Eurasia and linkages with discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L07403, doi:10.1029/2005GL025231.

Willmott, C.J. and K. Matsuura, 2006. On the use of dimensioned measures of error to evaluate the performance of spatial interpolators. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 20(1), 89-102

Willmott, C.J. and K. Matsuura, 2005. Advantages of the mean absolute error (MAE) over the root mean square error (RMSE) in assessing average model performance. Climate Research, 30, 79-82

Willmott, C.J. and M.L. Johnson, 2005. Resolution errors associated with gridded precipitation fields. International Journal of Climatology, 25(15), 1957-1963

Hanson, B. and C.J. Willmott, 2005. Models, climatic. In J.E. Oliver (ed.). Encyclopedia of World Climatology. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. 505-508.

Fekete, B.M., C.J. Vörösmarty, J.O. Roads, and C.J. Willmott, 2004. Uncertainties in precipitation and their impacts on runoff estimates. Journal of Climate, 17(2), 294-304.

Janis, M.J. and S.M. Robeson, 2004. Determining the spatial representativeness of air-temperature records using variogram-nugget time series. Physical Geography, 25(6), 513-530.

Gaile, G.L. and C.J. Willmott (eds.), 2003. Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 820+xxi pages.

Rawlins, M.A., and C.J. Willmott, 2003. Winter air temperature change over the terrestrial Arctic, 1961-1990. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 35(4), 530-537.

Power, H.C. and C.J. Willmott, 2001. Seasonal and interannual variablity in atmospheric turbidity over South Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 21, 579-591.

Song, J., C.J. Willmott and B. Hanson, 1997. Simulating the surface energy budget over the Konza Prairie with a mesoscale model. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 87, 105-118.

 

Song, J., C.J. Willmott and B. Hanson, 1997. Influence of heterogenous land surfaces on surface energy and mass fluxes.  Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 58, 175-188.

 

Raskin, R.G., Funk, C.C., Webber, S.R. and Willmott, C.J., 1997. Spherekit: The Spatial Interpolation Toolkit. Santa Barbara, CA:  National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA).  Technical Report 97-4, November 1997, 45 pages.

 

Peterson, B.J., C.J. Vörösmarty, S. Frolking, C.J. Willmott, M. Serreze, M. Maybeck, V.A. Kimstach, I. Shiklomanov and V.V. Gordeev, 1997.  Contemporary water and constituent balances for the pan-Arctic drainage system: continent to coastal ocean fluxes. Modeling the Arctic System: A Workshop Report on the State of Modeling in the NSF Arctic System Science Program.  Fairbanks, Alaska: The Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S., 129-130.

 

Vörösmarty, C.J., C.J. Willmott, B.J. Choudhury, A.L. Schloss, T.K. Stearns, S.M. Robeson and T.J. Dorman, 1996.  Analyzing the discharge regime of a large tropical river through remote sensing, ground-based climatic data, and modeling. Water Resources Research, 32(10), 3137-3150.

 

Willmott, C.J., S.M. Robeson and M.J. Janis, 1996.  Comparison of approaches for estimating time-averaged precipitation using data from the USA. International Journal of Climatology, 16, 1103-1115.

 

Dunne, K.A. and C.J. Willmott, 1996.  Global distribution of plant-extractable water capacity of soil. International Journal of Climatology, 16, 841-859.

 

Willmott, C.J. (invited), 1996.  Evaporation and evapotranspiration. In S.H. Schneider (ed.). Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather. New York: Oxford University Press, 303-307.

 

Robeson, S.M. and C.J. Willmott, 1996.  Spherical spatial interpolation and terrestrial air temperature variability.  In M.F., Goodchild, L.T. Steyaert, B.O. Parks, C. Johnston, D. Maidment, M. Crane and S. Glendinning (eds.) GIS and Environmental Modeling: Progress and Research Issues. Fort Collins, Colorado: GIS World Books, 111-115. (Selected papers from the Second International GIS and Environmental Modeling Conference held in Breckenridge Colorado, September 27-29, 1993).

 

Willmott, C.J. and S.M. Robeson, 1995.  Climatologically aided interpolation (CAI) of terrestrial air temperature. International Journal of Climatology, 15(2), 221-229.

 

Legates, D.R. and C.J. Willmott (invited), 1995.  Evaluating the terrestrial water balance from the historical climate record. In H.R. Oliver and S.A. Oliver (eds.)   The Role of Water and the Hydrologic Cycle in Global Change (NATO ASI Series.  Series 1:  Global Environmental Change, Vol. 31). New York: Springer, 23-58. 

 

Willmott, C.J. and K. Matsuura, 1995.  Smart interpolation of annually averaged air temperature in the United States. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 34(12), 2577-2586.

 

Willmott, C.J., S.M. Robeson and J.J. Feddema, 1994. Estimating continental and terrestrial precipitation averages from rain-gauge networks. International Journal of Climatology, 14(4), 403-414.

 

Klink, K. and C.J. Willmott, 1994. Influence of soil moisture and surface roughness heterogeneity on modeled climate. Climate Research, 4(2), 105-118.

 

Song J., C.J. Willmott and B. Hanson, 1994. Influence of heterogeneous land surfaces on surface energy fluxes—soil moisture and vegetation. Preprints of the Sixth Conference on Climate Variations. Nashville, Tennessee: American Meteorological Society, 414-417.

 

Willmott, C.J. and D.R. Legates, 1993. A comparison of GCM-simulated and observed mean January and July surface air temperature. Journal of Climate, 6(2), 274-291.

 

Willmott, C.J. and K. Matsuura (invited), 1993. Possible future climates at Yucca Mountain Nevada over time scales from 101 to 104 years. In Expert Elicitation of Future Climate in the Yucca Mountain Vicinity: Iterative Performance Assessment Phase 2.5. San Antonio, Texas: Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses, G5-1 - G5-10. 

 

Legates, D.R. and C.J. Willmott, 1992.  A comparison of GCM-simulated and observed mean January and July precipitation. Global and Planetary Change, 97, 345-363.

 

Hanson, B., K. Klink, K. Matsuura, S.M. Robeson and C.J. Willmott (authors in alphabetical order), 1992.  Vector correlation:  review, exposition and geographic application.  Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 82(1), 103-116.

 

Willmott, C.J. and J.J. Feddema, 1992.  A more rational climatic moisture index.  Professional Geographer, 44(1), 84-88.

 

Willmott, C.J. and G.L. Gaile (invited), 1992. Modeling.  In R. F. Abler, M. G. Marcus and J. M. Olson (eds.)  Geography's Inner Worlds: Pervasive Themes in Contemporary American Geography.  New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 163-186.

 

Vörösmarty, C., A. Grace, B. Moore, B. Choudhury and C.J. Willmott, 1991.  A strategy to study regional hydrology and terrestrial ecosystem processes using satellite remote sensing, ground-based data and computer modeling.  Acta Astronautica, 25(12), 785-792.

 

Willmott, C.J., S.M. Robeson and J.J. Feddema, 1991.  Influence of spatially variable instrument networks on climatic averages.  Geophysical Research Letters, 18(12), 2249-2251.

 

Willmott, C.J. and D.R. Legates, 1991.  Rising estimates of terrestrial and global precipitation.  Climate Research 1(3), 179-186.

 

Willmott, C.J. (one of six invited authors), 1991.  Landscape dynamics.  In V.M. Kotlyakov and G.F. White (Project Leaders); J.R. Mather and G.V. Sdasyuk (eds.).  Global Change: Geographical Approaches.  Tucson: University of Arizona Press (also published in Russia by Progress Publishers, Moscow), 18-63.

 

Brazel, A.J., A.J. Arnfield, D.E. Greenland and C.J. Willmott, 1991.  Physical and boundary-layer climatology.  Physical Geography, 12(3), 189-206.

 

Legates, D.R. and C.J. Willmott, 1990.  Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected, global precipitation.  International Journal of Climatology, 10, 111-127.

 

Legates, D.R. and C.J. Willmott, 1990.  Mean seasonal and spatial variability in global surface air temperature.  Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 41, 11-21.

 

Klink, K. and C.J. Willmott, 1989.  Principal components of the surface wind field in the United States: a comparison of analyses based upon wind velocity, direction and speed.  International Journal of Climatology, 9, 293-308.

 

Willmott, C.J., 1987.  Synoptic weather-map classification: correlation versus sums-of-squares.  Professional Geographer, 39, 205-207.

 

Willmott, C.J. (invited), 1987.  Models, climatic.  In J.E. Oliver (ed.).  Encyclopedia of Climatology.  New York: Van Nostrand Rein., 584-590.

 

Legates, D.R. and C.J. Willmott, 1986.  Interpolation of point values from isoline maps.  The American Cartographer, 13, 308-323.

 

Willmott, C.J. and K. Klink, 1986.  A representation of the terrestrial biosphere for use in global climate studies.  Proceedings of the Conference on Parameterization of Land-Surface Characteristics, Use of Satellite Data in Climate Studies, and First Results of ISLSCP (Co-sponsored by COSPAR; IAMAP, UNEP; WMO; in collaboration with NASA, ESA, CEE and CNES) Rome, Italy, 109-112.

 

Willmott, C.J., C.M. Rowe, and W.D. Philpot, 1985. Small-scale climate maps: a sensitivity analysis of some common assumptions associated with grid-point interpolation and contouring. The American Cartographer, 12, 5-16.

 

Willmott, C.J., C.M. Rowe, and Y. Mintz, 1985.  Climatology of the terrestrial seasonal water cycle.  Journal of Climatology, 5, 589-606.

 

Willmott, C.J., S.G. Ackleson, R.E. Davis, J.J. Feddema, K.M. Klink, D.R. Legates, J. O'Donnell and C.M. Rowe, 1985.  Statistics for the evaluation and comparison of models. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90(c5), 8995-9005.

 

Klink, K. and C.J. Willmott, 1985.  Comments on “Evaluating the similarity of geographic flows.”   Professional Geographer, 37, 56-58.

 

Rowe, C.M. and C.J. Willmott, 1984.  Solar irradiance on flat-plate solar collectors in urban environments.  Solar Energy, 33, 343-351.

 

Willmott, C.J., 1984.  On the evaluation of model performance in physical geography.  In G. L. Gaile and C. J. Willmott (eds.).  Spatial Statistics and Models.  Dordrecht, Holland:  D. Reidel, 443-460.

 

Gaile, G.L. and C.J. Willmott (eds.), 1984.  Spatial Statistics and Models.  Dordrecht, Holland:  D. Reidel, 482 pp.

 

Willmott, C.J., 1984.  A primer on the representation of the terrestrial seasonal snow cycle within GCM’s.  Modeling and Simulation, 15, 327-332.

 

Legates, D.R. and C.J. Willmott, 1984.  On the use of factor analytic techniques with geophysical data. Modeling and Simulation, 15, 417-426.

 

Legates, D.R. and C.J. Willmott, 1983.  A comparative evaluation of principal components-based and information theory methods of precipitation regionalization.  Arch. Met. Geoph. Biocl., Ser. B, 32, 381-394.

 

Mintz, Y., P.J. Sellers and C.J. Willmott, 1983.  On the Design of an Interactive Biosphere for the GLAS General Circulation Model.  Greenbelt, Maryland:  Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA Tech. Memo. 84973).

 

Willmott, C.J., 1982.  On the climatic optimization of the tilt and azimuth of flat-plate solar collectors.  Solar Energy, 28, 205-216.

 

Willmott, C.J., 1982. Some comments on the evaluation of model performance.   Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 63, 1309-1313.

 

Willmott, C.J., 1981. On the validation of models. Physical Geography, 2, 184-194.

 

Mather, J.R., R.T. Field, L.S. Kalkstein, C.J. Willmott, and W. J. Maunder, 1981.  Climatology:  the impact of the seventies and the challenge for the eighties.  Weather and Climate, 1, 69-76.

 

Willmott, C.J., J.R. Mather, and C.M. Rowe, 1981.  Average monthly and annual surface air temperature and precipitation data for the World.  Part I:  the Eastern Hemisphere.  Part II:  the Western Hemisphere.  Publications in Climatology, 34 (Nos. 1 and 2), 1-395, 1-378.

 

Mather, J.R., R.T. Field, L.S. Kalkstein, and C.J. Willmott, 1981.  Reply to comments by Chakravarti and Barry on “Climatology:  the challenge for the eighties.”  Professional Geographer, 33, 259-260.

 

Willmott, C.J. and D.E. Wicks, 1980.  An empirical method for the spatial interpolation of monthly precipitation within California.  Physical Geography, 1, 59-73.

 

Willmott, C.J. and M.T. Vernon, 1980. Solar climates of the conterminous United States:  a preliminary investigation.  Solar Energy, 24, 295-303.

 

Mather, J.R., R.T. Field, L.S. Kalkstein, and C.J. Willmott (invited), 1980.  Climatology:  the challenge for the eighties.  Professional Geographer, 32, 285-292.

 

Willmott, C.J., 1979.  Some comments on computing requirements for climatology.  Proceedings of the Middle States Division, Association of American Geographers, 13, 76-79.

 

Willmott, C.J., 1978.  P-mode principal components analysis, grouping and precipitation regions in California.  Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl., 26B, 277-295.

 

Willmott, C.J., E. Vowinckel, and S. Orvig, 1978.  A modified digital model for predicting energy budgets in the United States.  Publications in Climatology, 31, 1-170.

 

Willmott, C.J., 1977.  A component analytic approach to precipitation regionalization in California.  Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl., 24B, 269-281.

 

Willmott, C.J., 1977.  WATBUG:  a FORTRAN IV algorithm for calculating the climatic water budget.  Publications in Climatology, 30, 1-55.  (Also published as Report 1 in The Use of the Climatic Water Budget in Water Resources Management and Control.  Newark, DE:  University of Delaware, Water Resources Center, 1977).

 

Willmott, C.J., 1977.  Toward a new climatic regionalization of the contiguous United States.  Proceedings of the Second National Solar Radiation Data Workshop.  (Co-sponsored by ERDA and NOAA) Huntsville, Alabama:  Johnson Environmental and Energy Center, D1-D11.